MOZA 4 LEARNING

UNDERSTANDING OF ETHICS

Ethic is the Science that discusses the good deeds and bad deeds of man as far as can be understood by the human mind.

Good Understanding
Something to say good things when he brings grace, and gives a feeling happy, or happy (Something said to be good if he appreciated positively).

Bad Understanding
Everything is reprehensible. Bad deeds means actions contrary to the norms of the prevailing society.

How to Rate Good And Bad
According to the teachings of religion, Indigenous Habit, Happiness, Heart Whisper (Intuition), Evolution, utilitarianism, Understood Eudaemonisme, Pragmatism, Positivism, Naturalism, Vitalism, Idealism, Existentialism, Marxism, Communism.

Criteria for good or bad deeds which will be described below is limited to various schools or schools ever and continues to grow to this day. Special assessment of good and bad deeds according to religion, indigenous customs and culture will not be discussed here.


Hedonisme

"The behavior or act that gave birth to happiness and pleasure / delights". There are three viewpoints on this ideology: (1) the individualistic hedonism / egostik hedonism is considered that if a decision either for personal then called good, whereas if the decision is not good then that's bad; (2) rational hedonism / rationalistic hedonism which found happiness or the delicacy of the individual should be based on common sense considerations; and (3) universalistic hedonism which states that the benchmark whether an act is good or bad is a reference to the result of the actions spawned pleasure or happiness to all beings.


Intuisi

Whisper of the heart is "inner strength that can identify whether something is good or bad deeds without first seeing the impact that action". This ideology is an ideology refutation of hedonism. The main goal of this genre is the virtue, advantages, privileges can also be interpreted as "moral goodness".


Evolution

This understanding found everything that exists in nature is always or gradually change that is developing towards towards perfection. By adopting Darwin's theories (remember the concept of selection of nature, struggle for life, and survival for the fittest) Alexander revealed that moral values must always compete with other values, even with everything in style mini, and moral values that hang (fixed ) is said to be well, and values that do not survive (inferior to the struggle between values) is seen as bad.


Eudaemonisme

This ideology is a fundamental principle of happiness for oneself and happiness for others. According to Aristotle, to achieve this eudaemonia needed four things:

1. health, liberty, freedom, wealth and power, 
2. willingness, 
3. good deeds, and 
4. inner knowledge. 

Pragmatisme

This isme is focus on useful things from themselves both morally and materially. The emphasis is experience, therefore adherents of this ideology does not recognize the term of truth because the truth is abstract and will not be obtained in the empirical world.

According to Harold H. Titus, philosophy is an attempt to understand the universe, its meaning and its value. If the purpose of science is the control, and the purpose of art is creativity, perfection, beauty forms of communication and expression, then the purpose of philosophy is the understanding and wisdom.

Dr Oemar A. Hoesin said: Science gives us knowledge, and the philosophy of providing wisdom. Philosophy of providing satisfaction to the human desire for knowledge are arranged in an orderly manner, to the truth. S. Providence Alisyahbana writes in his book: that philosophy can provide peace of mind and steadiness of heart, even in the face of death. In a single goal (ie the truth) that is located greatness, glory, even nobility philosophy among other human work. Truth in the sense that deep and wide as possible for him, that's the goal of the highest and sole.

For humans, that means arranging his philosophizing as well as possible, neutral with a sense of responsibility, the responsibility for basic life deeply, for God, nature, or even truth. Radhakrishnan in his book, History of Philosophy, said: The task of philosophy is not simply reflect the spirit of a time when we are living, but to guide him forward. Philosophy is a creative function, set the value, set goals, determine the direction and lead to new avenues. Philosophy should inspire confidence to us to carry the new world, scored humans that make classifications based on 'nation', racial, and religious beliefs serve the noble ideals of humanity.

The review of the theory and process of communication by dividing into three stages and four themes:

A. Metatheoritical Phase

Meta has several senses:

• Changed the position (changed in position);
• On the other side, outside or exceed (beyond);
• Outside of understanding and human experience (trancending);
• Higher (higher);

Theory according to Schramm Wibur is "a set of statements that are related to the high levels of abstraction, and propositions thereof may be produced which can be tested scientifically, and the foundation can be made predictions regarding the behavior".

B. Hypothetical Phase

The theory is the stage where it looks a picture of reality and knowledge development framework.

C. Descriptive Phase

His work entitled "Communication Models in Philosophy, Review and Commentary" discuss specifically "philosophical analysis of the communication".

said; that philosophy as a discipline is usually categorized into sub-major fields according to the type of justification that can be accommodated by the answers to the following questions:

• What do I know ?
• How do I know it ?
• Am I sure ?
• Am I right ?

The questions above relating to the systematic investigation of the study:

• Metaphysics;
• Epistemology;
• Axiology; and
• Logic

Metaphysics
Is a study of the nature and function of theory of reality. Conjunction with communication theory, metaphysics deals with the following things:

1. The nature of man and his relationship with contextual and individual reality in the universe;
2. The nature and facts for the purpose, behavior, causes, and rules;
3. Problem option, especially freedom versus determinism in human behavior.

The importance of metaphysics for discussion communication philosophy, quoted the opinion Jujun S Suriasumantri in his book "Philosophy of Science" say that metaphysics is a study of the nature of existence of matter, the nature of the mind, and the nature of the substance linked to the mind.

The object of metaphysics according to Aristotle, there are two namely:

• There is a present; reviewing the existing knowledge in the form of, pure, that an object that really exist in the sense of the word is not affected by the change, or can be absorbed by the five senses. Metaphysics also called Ontology.
• There is a divine; absolute existence, which is not dependent on the other, the Lord (divine meaning that can not be captured by the five senses).

Epistemology
Is a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods and limits of human knowledge (a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods and limits of human knowledge).

Epistemology deals with the mastery of knowledge and more fundamentally concerned with the criteria for the assessment of truth and falsehood, right when linked with the methodology.

methods; is the procedure of an activity based on careful planning and a well-established, systematic and logical.

Basically the scientific method is based on:

• The framework that is logical;
• Translation of the hypothesis that the deduction and the framework;
• Verification of the hypothesis to test the factual truth.

Jujun S Suriasumantri, said acronym scientific method known as logicohypotetico verification, logical framework contains arguments in describing his explanation of a phenomenon is rational.

Lanigan, said that in the process of cognition toward progressive here in after affection towards konasi, epistemology rests on one or more theories of truth.

Known four theories of truth, as follows:

1. The theory of coherence; a statement is considered true if the statement was coherent or consistent with previous statements were considered correct.
2. Theory of correspondence; a statement is true if the material is affected by the requirements of the corresponding (associated) with an object by such statements.
3. The theory of pragmatics; a statement is considered true if the statement or the consequences of that statement has practical uses for human life.

Axiology
The principle on how to how to use the knowledge acquired and compiled epistemologically. Axiology is the branch of philosophy that deals with values such as ethics, aesthetics, or religion.

In conjunction with the communication philosophy, axiology is a study of what the human values and how to institutionalize it or express it.

Clearly, the importance of a communicator to first consider the value (value judgment), whether the message to be communicated ethical or not, aesthetically or not.


Logic
Related to the study of the principles and methods of reasoning are correct. The logic is very important in the communication, because the thought must be communicated, as a result of logical thought processes.

The first traces of an ethics emerged among pupils Pytagoras. We do not know much about Pytagoras. He was born in 570 BC in Samos in western Asia Minor and then moved into the Greek area of southern Italy. He died 496 BC.

Pytagoras formed a circle around the pupil that tradition continued for another two hundred years. According to their mathematical principles are the foundation of all reality. They are adherents of the doctrine of reincarnation. According to them the body is the soul tomb (soma-sema, "the body-grave"). So that the soul can be free from the body, the human need cleaning path. By working and spiritually imprisoned, especially with philosophizing and bermatematika, man freed from sensory attraction and spiritualized.

One hundred years later, Democritus (460-371 BC) not only teaches that everything what can be explained by the movement of the smallest parts are no longer divided, ie the atoms. According to Democritus the highest value is what is good. Thus, the suggestion for a good life with regard to a framework hedonistic sense..

Socrates (469-399 BC) left no writings. His teachings are not easily reconstructed for the most part only we know from Plato's writings tulisn. In the dialogues of Socrates palto almost always be the main speaker so it is not easy to ascertain the original view or the view of Plato himself. Through Socratic dialogue will bring people to ideologies clearer ethical confront the implications of the notion-own eyes. Thus, human ushered to the awareness of what is really nice and helpful. From habit for sighted and temporary, human ushered to the true wisdom.

Plato (427 BC) did not write about ethics. The first ethics book written by Aristotle (384 BC). But in many dialogues of Plato are descriptions pitched ethics. That is why we can reconstruct Plato's thoughts about the good life. Daar Plato's intuition about the good life it affects philosophy and spirituality in the West for 2000 years. The new modern-day understanding of the objective directed to the Divine in everything that there began to be abandoned and replaced by various patterns of ethics; including ethical autonomy Kant's moral awareness is the most important. Ethics Plato not only influential in the west, but by Neoplatoisme also entered into among Sufi Muslims. This is where the future path of the Greek philosophical thought relations with Muslim thinkers like Ibn Miskawayh that much studying Greek philosophy thus affecting his writings on the philosophy of ethics.

After Aristotle, Epicureans (314-270 BC) is a figure that berepengaruh in ethical philosophy. He founded a school of philosophy in Athens with the name Epicureanism, will be one of the major streams of Greek philosophy after Aristotle. In contrast to Plato and Aristotle, in contrast also with the Stoics, Epicureans and his students are not interested in thinking about, let alone get into the field of politics. Characteristic of the Epicurean philosophy is withdrawal from the bustling life. The motto is "living in a mystery".

Epicurean ethics is privatistik. Is sought personal happiness. Epicurean advised to withdraw from public life, in this sense is individualism. But the Epicurean teachings are not selfish. He teaches that doing good is often more fun than receiving kindness. For the Epicurean, more pleasure and sublime spiritual rather than physical. Not just any desire to be fulfilled. He distinguishes between natural desires that need (to eat), the natural desire that does not need (like food that tastes good), and vain desires (such as wealth).

Figures are still much more ethical philosophy, and the author wishes to discuss it all here, but due to space constraints and themes raised the figure mentioned above is sufficient to represent the author considers the history of ethical philosophy at that time. And their correlation with intellectual Islam in its aftermath as Ibn Miskawayh that in many of his writings (the work) is much influenced from Greek philosophical thought leaders.

This theory was first proposed by Herb Schiller in 1973. Schiller first paper that formed the basis for the emergence of this theory is the Communication and Cultural Domination.

Cultural imperialism theory states that Western countries dominated the media throughout the world. It means also, the mass media also dominate the Western countries in the third world mass media. The reason, the Western media have a powerful effect to influence third world media. Western media is very impressive for the media in the third world. So they want to imitate the culture that emerged through the media. In the perspective of this theory, when the process of imitation media of developing countries from developed countries, when that happens the destruction of native cultures in third countries.

Western culture produces nearly all of the majority of the mass media in the world, such as movies, news, comics, photos and others. Why they can dominate like that? First, they have the money. With the money they would be able to do anything to produce a wide range of offerings required the mass media. Even the Western media has been developed capitalist. In other words, the Western media has developed into an industry that is also concerned with profit.

Secondly, they have the technology. With the modern technology that they have allowed the mass media presentation produced better, convincing and "as real". If you've seen the movie Titanic Titanic impression is really there, but it's all there. Even when the vessel is finally struck an iceberg and sank, as the passenger ship was like swimming in the open sea, but all of it superficial. All can be done with computer technology as a real event. All that can be realized because the West has modern technology.

Third World countries are interested in buying Western products such. Therefore, buying a product that is much cheaper when compared to making his own. How many Indonesian mass media that daily access of Western mass media or if the news from Western news agencies. Every day the newspapers in Indonesia as competing to display the text of a foreign news agency. In fact, photographs demonstration in Jakarta which should be photographed by reporters Indonesia itself actually comes from AFP (France). Something that is difficult to accept, but the real case.

The next impact, people in third world countries who see the mass media in the country will enjoy a dish-dish that comes from the lifestyle, beliefs and thoughts. If we watch the movie Independence Day when we were learning about the United Nations in the face of the enemy or the struggle of the American people in achieving independence. Various lifestyle community, belief and thought Americans were in the movie. Why is the third nation in the world wants to implement democracy gives freedom of opinion? All were influenced by the Western mass media presentation that went into the third world.

Furthermore, third world countries unwittingly imitating what is presented mass media that has been filled by the Western culture. That's when the destruction of the country's indigenous culture and then replace and adapted to Western culture. This event can be said to the Western cultural imperialism. Imperialism was carried out by the Western mass media that had dominated the third world mass media.

One that underlies the emergence of this theory is that basically people do not have the freedom to determine how they think, what is perceived and how they live. Generally, they tend to react to what he saw from the television. As a result, these individuals prefer to imitate what is presented television. Why? Because television presents a new and different things with which they usually do.

This theory also explains that there is one truth which he believed. Throughout the third world countries continuously broadcast or filling mass media comes from Western countries, people will always believe the world when what they should be doing, thinking and feeling. This behavior is exactly the same as that carried out by people who came from Western culture.

Imperislisme theory of culture is also not free from criticism. This theory is too underestimated the power of the audience in receiving exposure to the mass media and interpret its message. This means that, this theory assumes that different cultures (which of course is more advanced) will always bring the influence of imitation on people of different cultures. Tetepi clear, continuous exposure to a different culture will take effect change, albeit slightly.

Preliminary

Knowledge is not a science. There are several things that must be met for a credible knowledge, or meet scientific requirements, among others, must be empirical, Verivikatif, non-normative, transmissible, general, and explanotory.

In addition, science must also emphasize the aspect of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. He must be scientific, systematic sampling methods, object of study, locus, and a particular focus in relation to the understanding of science above, communication science often get doubts in existence as a science in advanced information technology today. This probably is due to the historical development of communication into a science through the stages of space-time that is too far away (by understanding the historical record of the development of science communication in the mainland United States).

Development of communication as a science has always been associated with the activities of the rhetoric that occurred in ancient Greece, giving rise to the understanding of western thinkers that the development of communication at that time experienced a period of darkness (dark ages) because it does not develop in ancient Roman times. And just starting its development recorded during the discovery of the printing press by Guttenberg (1457). So the problem that arises is, the time span between the development of science communication that was originally known rhetoric in ancient Greece, to the history of communication during the recording of thought leaders in the 19th century, very much. So that the history of the development of science communication itself cut off approximately 1400 years. Yet according to another note, the actual activities undertaken rhetoric in ancient Greece also continued the development of its activities in the Middle Ages (future spread of religion). Giving rise to the assumption that the development of the communication into a science is never interrupted, meaning there is no history of missing link in the development of communication. This paper wants to lift the age distribution of the religion which takes place between the time span (medieval) being part of the development of science communication. So medieval become a bridge of communication flow of development from the time of ancient Greece to the renaissance era, modern, and contemporary.

Discussion

Has been mentioned above that the phenomenon of developing communication and recorded back at the beginning of the discovery of the printing press by Gutenberg (1457). In fact, in previous centuries, communication activities have been developing quite rapidly which takes place in medieval times (the spread of religion). Perhaps a time when the discovery of the printing press itself took place in the renaissance era, where the ideas of scientists have been free from religious dogmas. So they do not offend the religious distribution period as part of the historical development of the communication itself. The period between the year 500 BC (period of thought in ancient Greek rhetoric) until the invention of the printing press (1457 AD) is the centuries where there is the process of development of communication in this form a religious teachings and beliefs (which of course also can not be denied that the distribution activities of religion, rhetoric and other forms of communication tend to play a major role in changing one's beliefs). So it does not violate the rules that this paper tries to pick future spread of religion and the teachings of the sages that took place between the time span used as part of the chain of the missing history of the development of the communication sciences.

At first the development of the communication that occurs in Roman times (as a development from ancient Greece around 500 BC-5 M) having problems, because at that time the Roman experience a period of darkness (dark ages). In fact, a period of darkness that occurred in Europe this is the other side of the golden age of Islamic civilization, which at this time of the development of science (including communication activities) is quite significant. In addition, the development of communication is also very advanced rapidly in China which has started in 550 BC. Indeed, personal communication activities in the form of rhetoric that took place in China and Islam is more emphasis on the deployment of the teachings and beliefs. Different in Greece and Rome were more political. One of the teachings that developed the doctrine Confucianism in China. Kong Hu Cu (part of Confucianism) was born in about 550 BC whose teachings have been aged 2000 years. Confucius began to teach philosophy of life when China is still fragmented. In its distribution, communication is done already highly developed after the invention of paper by Ts'ai Lun (105 M). However, when the Qin dynasty (215 BC-206 BC), the emperor Qin Shi Hung prohibit Confucianism, so many books were burnt. However, when the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Confucianism began to reach the golden period back. For example with the establishment of some sort of Imperial University who left the teachings of Confucianism books like the book Shi Ching (collection of songs), Shu Ching (documents), the I Ching (Book of experts forecasts), Ch'un Ch'iu (significant events) , and Li Chi (ceremonies). Confucianism lasted long enough until the time of the fall of the Ching dynasty (1644-1911). This identifies that the process of development of communication are more inclined to the spread of the teachings of Confucianism in China.

Activity communicates in the form of propaganda has also been there at the time of Jesus Christ. Isa which at that time wanted to teach the doctrine of God, was challenged by the Jews. Isa considered a hazard by the Jews, that Jews are trying enrages Roman authorities when it controlled Palestine. This effort eventually succeeded in influencing the political attitude of the Roman authorities who initially did not interfere in the religious, has now changed course ordered his soldiers to arrest Jesus and condemn Jesus. However, the historical record shows that Jesus did not actually die accursed on the cross, he was rescued by Pilate who has worked with Yusuf Aritmatea (John, 19:38). After showing the evidence to his student that he did not die on the cross (Mark, 16: 19-20), the Messiah decided at God's command to leave Palestine and explore the various countries where dwell the tribes of Israel were lost to continue delivering his treatise (preaching) (Esther 3: 6, 1: 1, 2: 6, and II Kings 15:29). The last country in which he is the resting place of Srinagar, India. Communications in the form of propaganda teachings conducted at the time of Jesus is proven by the explanation of the Dalai Lama (Tibet Budhah pastor) that Jesus is one of those revered in Budhah teachings. It is closely related to trust Budhah saying that Baghawa Metteya (wanderer white; Isa Al Masih) never came to teach his teachings in India. Also with the discovery of a scroll (numbering 84,000 rolls rolls) that it tells activities spread of the teachings of Jesus in India. Other evidence also by the discovery of graves Yus Asaf in Srinagar, Kashmir by the West German team which is the grave of Prophet Jesus, who died at the age of 120 years. (Thre Tribune, Chandigarh, May 11, 1984).

Communications in the Islamic world had actually been experiencing significant growth. Just as the phenomenon Communication happened in the days of Jesus Christ, Islam was more oriented communication system of propaganda that seeks to change or influence the nature of one's mind to follow Islamic law. Muslim civilization in relation to the development of communication has recorded history which is quite amazing. At the time Omayyed for example, has found a way of astronomical observations in the 7th century AD, eight centuries before Galileo and Copernicus. Nexus between East and West during the Crusades (1100-1300 AD) is very important for the development of science communication in Europe. Because at a time of expansion, the Arabs had taken over the culture of Byzantium, Persia, and Spain, so the level of Islamic culture is much higher than the European culture (Brower, 1982; 41). University of Baghdad, Damascus, Beirut, and Cairo store and provide scientific heritage of India, Persia, Greece, and Byzantium, so that Europe receives legacy of Greek philosophy through the Arabs who first studied it. Because the Arabs have translated the works of famous man like Plato, Hippocrates and Aristotle. Around the 14th century at the time of the Yuan dynasty (1260-1368), the influence of Islam is characterized by researchers in the field who founded the first astronomical observatory, namely Jamal Al-Din.

Development of communication in a more Islamic propaganda was not separated from the connection as part of a form of communication, because in Arabic, propaganda means call, call, or a call. According to Sanusi Salahuddin, which is defined by Bahiyul Khuli in his book entitled Tadzkiratud Du'at, preaching is a communication arising from the interaction between individuals and groups of people who aim to move people out of a negative situation (time of ignorance) to a positive situation , At the time of Prophet Muhammad (570 AD-632 AD), the spread of Islam took place in a relatively short time (8-9 M). Muhammad did his message to Mecca in the year 610 AD Within 25 years, Muhammad and his followers (known as Muslims), took power in the Arab region, and Islam then develop very rapidly. In about the year 650 AD, Arab, the whole middle east region, and Egypt controlled by the Muslims, and in the year 700 AD, Islam dominates a large area ranging from mainland China and India in the east to North Africa and Spain in the west. The rapid development of Islam could be the impact of the use of propaganda-propaganda which contains the teachings of Islam, such as; propaganda which contains about jihad fisabilillah, which guarantees to go to heaven for those who die in their efforts to fight for Islam. This means that there is an effective form of communication that can affect the confidence of millions of people in a very short time.

communication begins with the command of Allah to the Prophet Muhammad to give a warning (in this case preaching) to man to believe in God. Initially communication was done secretly and openly resumed as from subsequent revelations that commanded the Prophet to preach openly (Surah Al-Hijr; 94-95).

In the written media, has actually been initiated by the Prophet, when he sent a letter saying the invitation to embrace Islam to the kings in Europe. For example, the prophet had sent a letter to the king Hiraqla da'wah (king in Rome East) called Hirakles, king of Ethiopia named Najsyi, and others. In each letter, always stamp made of silver engraved inscription "Muhammadurrasulullah". With this example, the Prophet has pioneered a system of journalism in communicating Islam as a form of propaganda. In the process, the communication has been so advanced, another example in terms of the discussions that are part of a form of group communication. In preaching, the Prophet always make communication as propaganda by appropriate methods and if we look closely will be very relevant to the current discussion method. In his message, the discussion certainly based on the following things: a strong reason (proof), tutr wise and sensible words (uslub), and the etiquette of good manners. Back conjunction de Ngan press as part of the communication, Islam has pioneered the development of communication itself, once again in the form of propaganda. For example down temurunnya prophetic narrations and the Sunnah Prophet. History has revealed to us that the development and brilliance of Islam has broken the horizon and the days of sera century passed other countries and continents. This is thanks to the journalists Islam as Shafi '(who adapted the majority Muslim sect Indonesia), Malik Ahmad Hanbali, Hanafi, Abu Dawud, and so were his writings in the field of legal jurisprudence. In philosophy such as Al Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Imam Ghazali, Jamaludin Al afgani, Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad Rashid Ridla, and others.

The field of medicine, Avicenna has written a book that contains the rules in medical science that many adapted by scientists in the field of medicine today. From this description, it can be said that in fact the Islamic civilization (in relation to a bridge connecting the history of communication) have continued or bequeath communication from the teachings of the Greek mentioned above, for the then newly adapted by Europeans and beyond America (as the impact of intellectual migration from mainland Europe to the North American continent at the time of Hitler).

See description of the historical development of communication in the Middle Ages above, there arises the question, why the rhetoric in terms of propaganda activities that occurred in medieval times was not made part of the chain of historical development of the communication by the western thinkers? To answer this question, let's look at the phases of the development of science itself from age to age. Developing science, first in ancient Greece. Then proceed in the Middle Ages (which actually was a time spread of religion). Mentioned above, spread examples taken religion is Islam which is taking place in the Middle Ages.

Then the science of growing again in Renaissance (14-17 AD), where most thought leaders in this century was free and no longer bound by religious dogmas. Call it like Isaac Newton and Darwin. This era is the era of transition from the Middle Ages into the modern era. When in modern times, the sciences that developed was more based on the thoughts of scientific and empirical. As Darwin was very fanatic with his theory of evolution. This may cause a lot of communication theories that were never included big names of scholars-Islamic scholars (such as Al Kindi, Al-Farabi, etc.) as a meritorious figure in developing the communication itself in the Middle Ages. Perhaps this has something to do with the period of darkness (dark ages) that occurred in Europe which at that time was the golden age of Islamic civilization. Examples of important events that the Crusades were repeated six times. This is not only a physical battle arena, but also aware of European soldiers will be the progress of Islamic countries so fast. So they spread their experiences it on his return in the respective countries.

In 1453 AD, Istanbul fell to the Turks, so the priest or scholar fled to Italy or other countries. These are the pioneers of the development of science in Europe. When in fact they have to get knowledge of Islamic civilization which has developed first. Regarding the development of communication that are more likely claimed as part of the development of science in America and Europe, is actually back in the mindset of the benefits of science are found. Basically, the Americans and Europeans tend to patent an invention, whereas thinkers in Asia and the Middle East civilizations are more likely to benefit from the findings. And clearly, history tells clearly that the highly advanced civilization has taken place first in China and the Middle East.

Ending

Historical explanation above is enough to prove that the real history of the development of communication was never interrupted. Because basically the relationship between communication as part of the development of human civilization so closely. This is because the activities of rhetoric already in medieval times, but did not form a science. Phenomenon more in the nature of propaganda (the spread of religion) is a new form of social phenomena, and at that time there is a science that is not specialized focus and locus study of communication. But at least the above enough argues that the communication is already very old phenomenon occurs and the new assessed as a whole as a science in the 19th century on the American mainland.