Whitney R. Mundt View

In contrast to other thoughts, in his work "Global Media Philosophies" explains linkage with the government of journalism in which the balance of power is always shifting. The question is, where the dividing line between freedom and supervision?

According to Mundt :

• In a press-authoritarian theory is the servant of the country.
  Its role should not be questioned, because it is a philosophy of absolute power of the government of a kingdom.
  Is pioneering Hobbes, Hegel and Machiavelli.
  Countries such example is Iran, Paraguay and Nigeria.
• Libertarian theory, the media can not be subject to the government, but should be free autonomous, free to express ideanya without fear of government intervention.
  Is pioneering Locke, Milton and Adam Smith.
  Countries such example is the US, Japan and West Germany.
• Theory of Social Responsibility, is a modification or development of libertarian theory, but in contrast to its roots; press function is as a medium to discuss the conflict. Another difference is the social responsibility of the press are supervised by community opinion, the activities of consumers and professional ethics.
  Some countries tend to embrace this theory, including the US.
• Theory Soviet Communist Soviet Union said that the press serves the ruling party and is owned by the state.
  Soviet people say that the press is free to tell the truth, while the press with the so-called liberal system controlled by business interests.
  In relation to the PERS Philosophy, Lowenstein stick to the terms authoritarian and libertarian.

Clearly this is a typology Lowenstein below.

PERS ownership :

1. Private Ownership - Owned by individuals or non-governmental organizations; financed mainly by advertising ddan subscription.
2. Ownership Political Parties - Owned by political parties, subsidized by the party or party members.
3. Government Ownership - Owned by the government or the dominant government party, mainly subsidized by government funds.

PERS Philosophy :

1. Authoritarian - With the license and government censorship to suppress criticism and thus maintaining the power of the elite.
2. Social-authoritarian - Owned by the government or the government party to complete the press to achieve the objectives of national economic and philosophical purposes.
3. Libertarian - Lack of government oversight (except laws on defamation and obscene), to ensure the free marketing ideas (free market place of ideas) and the operation of the process enforce themselves (selfrighting process).
4. Social Libertarian - minimal government oversight to clog the channels of communication and to ensure the operational spirit of libertarian philosophy.
5. Social centralist - ownership of government or public institutions with limited communication channels to ensure the operational spirit and libertarian philosophy.
6. Value Logic, Ethics and Aesthetics in Communication